Pronouns
1. DEFINITION
A pronoun usually refers to something already mentioned in a
sentence or piece of text. A pronoun is a word that substitutes a noun or noun
phrase used to prevent repetition of the noun to which they refer. One of the
most common pronouns is it.
2. PATTERN:
Rule for
Pronouns
A pronoun must agree with the noun it refer. Therefore, if the noun is singular, therefore the pronoun must be singular; if the noun is plural, use a plural pronoun; if the noun is feminine, use a feminine pronoun, and so on.
For example:
A pronoun must agree with the noun it refer. Therefore, if the noun is singular, therefore the pronoun must be singular; if the noun is plural, use a plural pronoun; if the noun is feminine, use a feminine pronoun, and so on.
For example:
- The train was late, it had been delayed.
- The trains were late, they had been delayed.
Type
|
About
|
Example
|
Personal
Pronoun
|
Takes the
place of a specific or named person or thing.
|
I, you,
he, she, etc..
|
Reflexive
Pronoun
|
Adds information
by pointing back to a noun or another pronoun.
|
myself,
yourself, etc..
|
Demonstrative
Pronoun
|
Points out
a specific person, place, or thing.
|
this,
that, these, those
|
Relative
pronoun
|
Begins a
subordinate clause and relates the clause to a word in the main clause.
|
who,
whose, which, that, etc..
|
Interrogative
Pronoun
|
Is used to
ask a question.
|
who, what,
where, etc..
|
Possessive
Pronoun
|
Used to
substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership.
|
mine,
yours, his, etc..
|
Negative
Pronoun
|
nothing,
no, nobody, etc..
|
|
Reciprocal
pronoun
|
Express an
interchangeable or mutual action or relationship.
|
each
other, one another
|
Quantifier
|
some, any,
something, much, etc.
|
3. Explanation & Example
My explanation is, Pronoun is to
describe or refer the subject which we describe before. For easy example
(The train was late, it had been delayed) = It in the sentence describe the train which was late. Pronoun is sentence which can make explanation for the sentence which we write. There are many type of pronouns. Now I will tell that pronouns.
(The train was late, it had been delayed) = It in the sentence describe the train which was late. Pronoun is sentence which can make explanation for the sentence which we write. There are many type of pronouns. Now I will tell that pronouns.
1. Possessive Pronouns
We use possessive pronouns to refer
to a specific person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent")
belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or
thing/things).
We use possessive pronouns depending
on:
- number: singular (eg: mine) or plural (eg: ours)
- person: 1st person (eg: mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his)
- gender: male (his), female (hers)
Below are the possessive pronouns,
followed by some example sentences. Notice that each possessive pronoun can:
- be subject or object
- refer to a singular or plural antecedent
number
|
person
|
gender
(of "owner")
|
possessive
pronouns
|
singular
|
1st
|
male/ female
|
mine
|
2nd
|
male/ female
|
yours
|
|
3rd
|
male
|
his
|
|
female
|
hers
|
||
plural
|
1st
|
male/ female
|
ours
|
2nd
|
male/ female
|
yours
|
|
3rd
|
male/ female/ neuter
|
theirs
|
- Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one. (subject = My picture)
- I like your flowers. Do you like mine? (object = my flowers)
- I looked everywhere for your key. I found John's key but I couldn't find yours. (object = your key)
- My flowers are dying. Yours are lovely. (subject = Your flowers)
- All the essays were good but his was the best. (subject = his essay)
2. Demonstrative Pronouns
demonstrate (verb): to show; to indicate; to point to
A demonstrative pronoun represents a
thing or things:
- near in distance or time (this, these)
- far in distance or time (that, those)
near
•
|
far
⇒
|
|
singular ☺
|
this
|
that
|
plural ☺☺☺
|
these
|
those
|
Here are some examples with demonstrative
pronouns, followed by an illustration:
- This tastes good.
- Have you seen this?
- These are bad times.
- Do you like these?
- That is beautiful.
- Look at that!
- Those were the days!
- Can you see those?
3. Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns represent specific
people or things. We use them depending on:
- number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we)
- person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg: he)
- gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it)
- case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us)
We use personal pronouns in place of
the person or people that we are talking about. My name is Josef but when I am talking about myself I almost
always use "I" or "me", not "Josef".
When I am talking direct to you, I
almost always use "you", not your name. When I am talking about
another person, say John, I may start with "John" but then use
"he" or "him". And so on.
Here are the personal pronouns,
followed by some example sentences:
number
|
person
|
gender
|
personal
pronouns
|
|
subject
|
object
|
|||
singular
|
1st
|
male/ female
|
I
|
me
|
2nd
|
male/ female
|
you
|
you
|
|
3rd
|
male
|
he
|
him
|
|
female
|
she
|
her
|
||
neuter
|
it
|
it
|
||
plural
|
1st
|
male/ female
|
we
|
us
|
2nd
|
male/ female
|
you
|
you
|
|
3rd
|
male/ female/ neuter
|
they
|
them
|
Examples (in each pair, the first
sentence shows a subject pronoun, the second an object pronoun):
- I like coffee. / John helped me.
- Do you like coffee? / John loves you.
- He runs fast. / Did Ram beat him?
- She is clever. / Does Mary know her?
- It doesn't work. / Can the man fix it?
- We went home. / Anthony drove us.
4.
Interrogative Pronouns
·
We use interrogative pronouns to ask
questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know
(what we are asking the question about).
·
There are four main interrogative
pronouns: who, whom, what, which
·
Notice that the possesive pronoun whose can also be
an interrogative pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun).
subject
|
object
|
|
person
|
who
|
whom
|
thing
|
what
|
|
person/ thing
|
which
|
|
person
|
whose
|
·
Notice that whom is the
correct form when the pronoun is the object of the verb, as in "Whom
did you see?" ("I saw John.") However, in normal, spoken
English we rarely use whom. Most native speakers would say (or even
write): "Who did you see?"
·
Look at these example questions. In
the sample answers, the noun phrase that the interrogative pronoun represents
is shown in bold.
question
|
answer
|
|
Who told you?
|
John told me.
|
subject
|
Whom did you tell?
|
I told Mary.
|
object
|
What's happened?
|
An accident's happened.
|
subject
|
What do you want?
|
I want coffee.
|
object
|
5. Reflexive Pronouns
reflexive (adj.) [grammar]: reflecting back on the subject, like a
mirror
We use a reflexive pronoun when we
want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns
end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).
There are eight reflexive pronouns:
reflexive
pronoun
|
|
singular
|
myself
yourself himself, herself, itself |
plural
|
ourselves
yourselves themselves |
Look at these examples:
non-reflexive
the underlined words are NOT the same person/thing |
REFLEXIVE
pronouns
the underlined words are the SAME person/thing |
John saw me.
|
I saw myself in the mirror.
|
Why does he blame you?
|
Why do you blame yourself?
|
David sent him a copy.
|
John sent himself a copy.
|
6. Reciprocal Pronouns
reciprocal (adj.): given or done in return; [grammar] expressing
mutual action
We use reciprocal pronouns when each
of two or more subjects is acting in the same way towards the other. For
example, A is talking to B, and B is talking to A. So we say:
- A and B are talking to each other.
The action is
"reciprocated". John talks to Mary and Mary talks to John. I give you
a present and you give me a present. The dog bites the cat and the cat bites
the dog.
There are only two reciprocal
pronouns, and they are both two words:
- each other
- one another
When we use these reciprocal
pronouns:
- there must be two or more people, things or groups involved (so we cannot use reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it)
- they must be doing the same thing
Look at these examples:
- John and Mary love each other.
- Peter and David hate each other.
- The ten prisoners were all blaming one another.
- Both teams played hard against each other.
- We gave each other gifts.
7. Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite pronoun does not refer
to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not
definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:
- all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone
Note that many indefinite pronouns
also function as other parts of speech. Look at "another" in the
following sentences:
- He has one job in the day and another at night. (pronoun)
- I'd like another drink, please. (adjective)
Most indefinite pronouns are either
singular or plural. However, some of them can be singular in one context and
plural in another. The most common indefinite pronouns are listed below, with
examples, as singular, plural or singular/plural.
Notice that a singular pronoun
takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree
(in number and gender). Look at these examples:
- Each of the players has a doctor.
- I met two girls. One has given me her phone number.
Similarly, plural pronouns
need plural agreement:
- Many have expressed their views.
pronoun
|
meaning
|
example
|
|
s
i n g u l a r |
another
|
an additional or different person
or thing
|
That ice-cream was good. Can I
have another?
|
anybody/ anyone
|
no matter what person
|
Can anyone answer this
question?
|
|
anything
|
no matter what thing
|
The doctor needs to know if you
have eaten anything in the last two hours.
|
8. Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that
introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun
because it "relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies.
Here is an example:
- The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
In the above example,
"who":
- relates to "The person", which "who phoned me last night" modifies
- introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"
There are five relative pronouns: who,
whom, whose, which, that*
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for
people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That
can be used for things and people only in defining relative
clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra
information).**
Relative pronouns can refer to
singular or plural, and there is no difference between male and female.
Look at these examples showing defining
and non-defining relative clauses:
example
sentences
S=subject, O=object, P=possessive |
notes
|
||
defining relative clauses
|
S
|
- The person who phoned me
last night is my teacher.
- The person that phoned me last night is my teacher. |
"that" is preferable
|
- The car which hit me was
yellow.
- The car that hit me was yellow. |
"that" is preferable
|
||
O
|
- The person whom I phoned
last night is my teacher.
- The people who I phoned last night are my teachers. - The person that I phoned last night is my teacher. - The person I phoned last night is my teacher. |
"whom" is correct but
formal
relative pronoun is optional |
|
- The car which I drive is
old.
- The car that I drive is old. - The car I drive is old. |
"that" is preferable to
"which"
relative pronoun is optional |
||
P
|
- The student whose phone
just rang should stand up.
- Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra. |
||
- The police are looking for the
car whose driver was masked.
- The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked. |
"whose" can be used with
things
"of which" is also possible |
||
non-defining relative clauses
|
S
|
- Mrs Pratt, who is very
kind, is my teacher.
|
|
- The car, which was a
taxi, exploded.
- The cars, which were taxis, exploded. |
|||
O
|
- Mrs Pratt, whom I like
very much, is my teacher.
- Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, is my teacher. |
"whom" is correct but
formal
"who" is common in spoken English and informal written English |
|
- The car, which I was
driving at the time, suddenly caught fire.
|
|||
P
|
- My brother, whose phone
you just heard, is a doctor.
|
||
- The car, whose driver
jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.
- The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed. |
"whose" can be used with
things
"of which" is also possible |
SOURCE:
http://aderikardo.blogspot.com/2012/09/pronouns.html
http://www.academia.edu/9108570/Materi_grammar_pronoun
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